International Trade Payment Method with Special Reference Essay Example

International Trade Payment Method with Special Reference Essay To succeed in today’s global marketplace and win sales against foreign competitors, exporters must offer their customers attractive sales terms supported by appropriate payment methods. Because getting paid in full and on time is the ultimate goal for each export sale, an appropriate payment method must be chosen carefully to minimize the payment risk while also accommodating the needs of the buyer. This trend is attributable to the increased globalization of the world economies and the availability of trade payment and finance from the international banking community. As shown in figure 1. 1, there are four primary methods of payment for international transactions. During or before contract negotiations, we should consider which method in the figure is mutually desirable for both me and my customer. Figure 1. 1. Payment Risk Diagram Key Points †¢ To succeed in today’s global marketplace and win sales against International trade presents a spectrum of risk, which causes uncertainty over the timing of payments between the exporter (seller) and importer (foreign buyer). †¢ For exporters, any sale is a gift until payment is received. Therefore, exporters want to receive payment as soon as possible, preferably as soon as an order is placed or before the goods are sent to the importer. †¢ For importers, any payment is a donation until the goods are received. †¢ Therefore, importers want to receive the goods as soon as possible but to delay payment as long as possible, preferably until after the goods are resold to generate eno ugh income to pay the exporter. Objective of the study: The objectives of the study are: 1. Discuss theoretical aspects of international trade payment and finance. 2. Discuss Bangladesh aspects of international trade payment and finance. We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade Payment Method with Special Reference specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade Payment Method with Special Reference specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade Payment Method with Special Reference specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Theoretical Aspects: There are four standard and common payment methods that are in use to make or receive payment for international trade market. It basically means received of payment against export and making payment against import: 1. Cash in Advance. 2. Open Account / Supplier credit. 3. Documentary collection. 4. Documentary Credit / Letters of Credit L/C. Cash-in-Advance: From the very title it is obvious that cash will be in advance. With cash-in-advance payment terms, the exporter can avoid credit risk because payment is received before the ownership of the goods is transferred. Wire transfers and credit cards are the most commonly used cash-in-advance options available to exporters. However, requiring payment in advance is the least attractive option for the buyer, because it creates cash-flow problems. Foreign buyers are also concerned that the goods may not be sent if payment is made in advance. Thus, exporters who insist on this payment method as their sole manner of doing business may lose to competitors who offer more attractive payment terms. There are some features of Cash-in-advance * Interest of exporter is fully protected. Interest of importer is not protected. * Banks are involved in the process of transferring payments. * Documents are shipment are directly handle by the exporters. * It is guided by Purchase and Sale Agreement. * It is one of the cheapest and least popular methods in the world. Open Account: An open account transaction is a sale where the goods are shipped and delivered before payment is due, which is usually in 30 to 90 days. O bviously, this option is the most advantageous option to the importer in terms of cash flow and cost, but it is consequently the highest risk option for an exporter. Because of intense competition in export markets, foreign buyers often press exporters for open account terms since the extension of credit by the seller to the buyer is more common abroad. Therefore, exporters who are reluctant to extend credit may lose a sale to their competitors. However, the exporter can offer competitive open account terms while substantially mitigating the risk of non-payment by using of one or more of the appropriate trade finance techniques, such as export credit insurance. There are some features of Open account * Interest of importer is fully protected * Interest of exporter is not protected. Banks are involved in the process of transferring payments. * Documents are shipment are directly handle by the exporters * It is the most popular method in the world. Documentary Collections: A documentary collection (D/C) is a transaction whereby the exporter entrusts the collection of a payment to the remitting bank (is the bank on the counter of which documents are submitted by exporter, collect payment from importer on its behalf), which sends documents to a collecting bank (is the bank that is involved in the process of documentary collection other than the remitting bank), along with instructions for payment. Funds are received from the importer and remitted to the exporter through the banks involved in the collection in exchange for those documents. D/Cs involve using a draft that requires the importer to pay the face amount either at sight (document against payment) or on a specified date (document against acceptance). The draft gives instructions that specify the documents required for the transfer of title to the goods. Although banks do act as facilitators for their clients, D/Cs offer no verification process and limited recourse in the event of non-payment. Drafts are generally less expensive than LCs. There are two methods of documentary collection: * Documents against payment * Documents against acceptanc Documents Against Payment (D/P) In this case documents are released to the importer only when the payment has been done. This is sometimes also referred  as Cash against Documents/Cash on Delivery. In effect D/P means payable at sight (on demand). The collecting bank hands over The shipping documents including the document of title (bill of lading) only when the importer has paid the bill. The drawee is usually expected to pay within 3 working days of presentation. Documents Against Acceptance (D/A) In this case documents are released to the importer only against acceptance of a draft. Under Documents Against Acceptance, the Exporter allows credit to Importer, the period of credit is referred to as Usance, The importer is required to accept the bill to make a signed promise to pay the bill at a set date in the future. When he has signed the bill in acceptance, he can take the documents and clear his goods. Figure 1. 2. Process of documentary Collection The following list of documents often used in international trade: †¢ Air Waybill Bill of Lading †¢ Certificate of Origin †¢ Combined Transport Document †¢ Draft or Bill of Exchange †¢ Insurance Policy (or Certificate) †¢ Inspection Certificate Air waybill: The Air Waybill (AWB) is the most important document issued by a carrier either directly or through its authorised agent. It is a non-negotiable transport document. It covers transport of cargo from airport to air port. Bill of Lading: A bill of lading is generated by a shipper, details a  shipment  of  merchandise, gives  title  to the goods, and requires the carrier to deliver the merchandise to the appropriate party. Certificate of Origin: The Certificate of Origin is required by the custom authority of the importing country for the purpose of imposing import duty. It is usually issued by the Chamber of Commerce and contains information like seal of the chamber, details of the good to be transported and so on. Combined Transport Document: Combined transport  is a form of  intermodal transport, which is the movement of goods in one and the same loading unit or road vehicle, using successively two or more modes of transport without handling the goods themselves in changing modes. Combined transport is  intermodal transport where the major part of the journey is by rail,  inland waterways  or  sea, and any initial and/or final legs carried out by road are as short as possible Draft or Bill of Exchange: A Bill of Exchange is a special type of written document under which an exporter ask importer a certain amount of money in future and the importer also agrees to pay the importer that amount of money on or before the future date. Insurance policy: Also known as Insurance Policy, it certifies that goods transported have been insured under an open policy and is not actionable with little details about the risk covered. Inspection Certificate: Certificate of Inspection is a document prepared on the request of seller when he wants the consignment to be checked by a third party at the port of shipment before the goods are sealed for final transportation. There are some features of Documentary Collection * Interest of importer risk protected. * Interest of exporter is better protected than open account * It is guided by Purchase Sale Agreement and URC 522 * It could be risky for the exporter if documents are not received by the importer * All the banks involved in documentary collection are the agents of exporter. Documentary Credit or Letters of Credit: Letters of credit (LCs) are one of the most secure instruments available to international traders. An LC is a commitment by a bank on behalf of the buyer that payment will be made to the exporter, provided that the terms and conditions stated in the LC have been met, as verified through the presentation of all required documents. The buyer pays his or her bank to render this service. An LC is useful when reliable credit information about a foreign buyer is difficult to obtain, but the exporter is satisfied with the creditworthiness of the buyer’s foreign bank. An LC also protects the buyer because no payment obligation arises until the goods have been shipped or delivered as promised. Participants in LC Process: * Buyer- Buyer is also called Applicant * Seller- Seller is also called beneficiary * Issuing Bank- Is the bank that issued Letter of Credit. * Advising Bank- Is the bank using the service of which issuing bank advices credit to the exporter. * Nominated Bank- Is the bank nominated by the issuing bank at the counter of which documents may be submitted by the exporter in addition to the counter of an issuing. Reimbursing Bank- Is the bank through which issuing bank maximum reinvestment to the nominated bank. Payment process through LC process: The main steps in a typical documentary credit transaction are- 1. When exporter has finished the export contract, your importer arranges with a bank to open a documentary credit in exporters favour. This foreign bank is called the issuing bank and will usually check your buyer’s credit worthiness. 2. The issuing bank sends the documentary credit to any local bank of exporter called advising bank. The advising bank verifies the authencity of the documentary credit and forwards it to exporter. 3. The documentary credit sets out the documents you must present to receive payment. When exporter has shipped the goods and compiled all the necessary documents, exporter lodge the document with the local bank called nominated bank- to arrange the payment. In most cases, the advising bank and the nominated bank are the same bank and may be exporter’s regular business bank. 4. The nominated bank checks the documents to ensure the terms of the documentary credit have been met. It then sends the documents to the issuing bank with a request for payment. Sometimes a third bank called reimbursing bank, act as an intermediary between the nominated and issuing banks. 5. If the issuing bank is satisfied that exporter have provided all the necessary documents in the exact form required by the documentary credit, it forwards the payment to the nominated bank, which in turn pays you. A documentary credit will state whether exporter payment ‘at sight’ (immediately after bank verification of the documents) or at an extended term (for example, 30 days after sight). . Figure1. 3. Process of Documentary Credit Trade Financing Instrument: Companies often need financing to market, promote and manufacture their products and services. The financing needs of companies involved in international trade transactions are usually categorized as follows: (a) Pre-shipment financing: This is financing for the period prior to the shipment of goods, to support pre-export ac tivities, such as wages and overhead costs. It is especially needed when inputs for production must be imported. It also provides additional working capital for the exporter. Pre-shipment financing is especially important to smaller enterprises because the international sales cycle is usually longer than the domestic sales cycle. Pre-shipment financing instruments can take the form of short-term loans, overdrafts or cash credits. (b) Post-shipment financing: This is financing for the period following the shipment of goods. The competitiveness of exporters often depends on their ability to provide buyers with attractive credit terms. Post-shipment financing thus ensures adequate liquidity until the purchaser receives the products and the Exporter receives payment. Post-shipment financing is usually short-term. Pre- and post-shipment financing may come in the form of secured or unsecured Loans or lines of credit from banks or financial institutions. Common methods used to obtain such financing are explained below. Factoring, export receivables financing or advance against documentary bills: The exporter who sells goods to an overseas buyer on credit terms requests his bank to make an advance based on such documents as a bill of exchange, a bill of lading or a simple invoice. The lending bank generally advances from 50 to 100 per cent of the invoice value, depending on the perceived risk. * Inventory financing: An inventory of raw material or intermediate or finished products is used to secure a loan. Inventory financing is commonly used to finance trade in commodities, since commodity producers and traders typically hold substantial inventories. Inventory and warehouse receipt financing are discussed in more details in chapter IV in the context of structured commodity finance. Leasing: Some banks and financial institutions provide leasing as a medium- to long-term means of financing. Leasing is generally of interest to manufacturing companies that nee to import equipment or machinery to produce goods for export. The company procures the equipment and pays a monthly rental fee to a leasing company (or bank), which owns the equipment. Leasing thus allows an exporter to acquire capital goods for export production without having to make a large one-time cash outlay. Structured financing: Structured financing often refers to schemes whereby the lender extends a loan to the borrower by securitizing the current assets of the borrower over which the lender has control. These assets, including streams of expected cash inflows, serve as collateral for the loan. Structured financing techniques can be used for short-term financing as well as capital investment in countries where traditional financing is not available (or too onerous). However, structured financing deals are specific to each transaction or operation being financed and thus require a level of financial expertise rarely available in emerging economies. Bangladesh Aspects: In Bangladesh generally the above trade payment methods and financing instruments are used. But Cash in advanced is used less than 1% to make domestic trade payment in Bangladesh. As like other countries cash in advance is the least popular method of trade payment in Bangladesh. Open account is the most popular method of trade payment around the world. It is used more than 80% in international transaction. It is popular because in the market economy buyer is always powerful than seller and open account resembles the most common business tradition of supplier’s credit. But in Bangladesh the open account did not work because after 1971 Bangladeshi traders did some international trade through open account and Bangladesh could not pay to their exporter as a result country risk trading went down as in open account method suppliers provide goods on account. According to the domestic regulation (Import policy order 2009-2012) on import of Bangladesh open account is not used in Bangladesh. To ensure importers’ security of others country and reputation of our country it has been imposed. Then the Bangladesh Bank make the regulation that Bangladeshi importer should be used L/C. in case of import other than few exceptions (raw material, book, journal etc. ) whatever you import in country that must be through Letter of Credit. Table 2. 1: Methods of Payment used in Making and Getting Payment Methods used| Import Payment(no of cases)| Export Payment(no of cases)| Documentary credit| 85%| 65%| Documentary Collection| 10%| 30%| Cash in Advance| 2%| 2%| Open Account| 3%| 3%| Source: From the lecture of respective course teacher. (Data of 2012) From this table we can easily view the picture of trade payment method in our country. L/C has used 85% by Bangladeshi Importer in their total international payment and 65% by Bangladeshi exporter in their total international trade payment. L/C is a payment technique but it has financing component. Banks in Bangladesh also provide finance to importer to facilitate international business. Documentary collection in case of export is higher than import and rest of the methods such as cash in advance and open account is remain same in export and import payment of Bangladesh. Concluding Remarks: Even at this real time communication world, letter of credit is considered to be the one of the safest way to remit and get proceeds. But still there are some factors to be re-considered like: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Restructure of legal enforcement against defaulter importers and exporters in Bangladesh. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Necessary changes in import policy to permit imports to be made without LC to reduce import cost and subsequently reduce prices on essential and consumable goods. In some countries of tight control on foreign trade operations, documentary credit is a very strong device in the government’s control and supervisory mechanism. In our country, this controlling over imports and exports are seen in a liberal ways but still some considerable changes in import and export policy and re-structuring and up-to-date foreign exchange guideline is required for our country’s smooth growth. ************************** References * U. S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Combined_transport * http://www. google. com. bd/search? noj=1amp;q=what+is+bill+of+ladingamp;oq=what+is+bill+of+ladingamp;gs_l=serp. 3.. 0l10. 1425. 9130. 0. 9399. 40. 15. 1. 13. 13. 1. 293. 1568. 4j4j3. 11. 0. 0 1c. 1. 25. serp.. 19. 21. 982. ak_gnN5epFU * http://www. google. com. bd/search? noj=1amp;q=what+is+air+waybill+amp;oq=what+is+air+waybill+amp;gs_l=serp. 3.. 0i7i30l10. 642616. 662149. 0. 62825. 35. 26. 0. 2. 2. 2. 437. 3543. 11j2j5j3j1. 22. 0. 0 1c. 1. 25. serp.. 17. 18. 2129. NJY6MK5lL1M * http://www. google. com. bd/url? sa=tamp;rct=jamp;q=international%20financing%20methodamp;source=webamp;cd=3amp;cad=rjaamp;ved=0CDsQFjACamp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. unescap. org%2Ftid%2Fpublication%2Ftipub2374_chap2. pdfamp;e i=8jULUue-IIGtPOmYgIAGamp;usg=AFQjCNG-edG5L12wqcReEVt-T2Ccyy7EkQamp;bvm=bv. 50723672,d. ZWU * tipub2374_chapter2. pdf * http://edupedia. educarnival. com/letter-of-credit-operation-in-bangladesh/ * Class Note.

Exegetical Research Paper

Exegetical Research Paper The book of Isaiah refers to the book of salvation. This brings out the meaning of the name Isaiah, which means that the lord is salvation. In the bible, Isaiah is the first book that contains the words of the prophet. The writer of the book Isaiah refers to the prince of prophet. He is also the seer of scriptures, and he is the best author. His scriptures are rich in vocabulary and the excellent grammar, which has made him to be titled as the Shakespeare of the bible. He was a spiritual and educated man, regardless the temptations in the world. He served in the ministry of God for more than 50 years. He loyal and loved the people of his country. According to the traditions, his death occurred as a martyr during the reign of King Manasseh. It is suggested that he was placed between two trunks of trees and cut in two pieces. His vocation as a forecaster of God was to go to the land of Judah and Jerusalem. He went to ask the people of Judah and Jerusalem to repent from sins and pray to God. He also prophesied the coming of Christ Jesus and the lord’s salvation. His prophesies occurred in their times, and others are yet to happen including the second coming of the messiah. Isaiah served his long ministry in Jerusalem, which was the capital city of Judah. In Judah, there was many politics and the city of Israel was in two kingdoms. His calling was to advise the people of Judah and Jerusalem to repent their sins. Isaiah was a current prophet of Amos, Hosea, and Micah. Salvation is the key theme in the readings of Isaiah. However, there were other themes such as sanctity, punishment, captivity, judgment, the salvation of the coming Christ, and the fall of the land. The initial 39 scriptures of Isaiah consist of verses concerning the judgment of Judah and a message for repenting and being holy. The people of Judah showed a different way of worshiping God and they had corrupted hearts. God sent Isaiah to the people of Judah to purify them, but the people did not listen to the message. The prophet Isaiah foretold the detention and demise of Judah. Nevertheless, Isaiah encouraged the people of Judah that there was hope and God had promised to give a Redeemer. The last scriptures of Isaiah consisted of God’s communication of hope, forgiveness, and comfort. God was informing the people that his proposal of salvation and blessing would be through the coming of Christ. In Isaiah 7:14 says, â€Å"therefore the Almighty himself will offer a symbol: behold, a virgin will get a child and the baby will be a son, and she will name the child as messiah†. The title ‘virgin’ is referred differently in many scriptures. The word HaAlmah denotes the virgin. The gospel of Mathew and the Septuagint version quotes the passage in Mathew 1:23 translate it into Greek. In chapter 7: 16 -20 says, â€Å"the child shall know to refuse the evil and select the good deeds, the land that will forsake abhorrest shall be abandoned. The Yahweh shall bring upon the people, the father’s house and upon thee. The day has not yet happened since the period of Epharim and the king of Assyria left Judah. The day shall come to happen, the Lord shall hiss for the fly that is in the topmost part of the rivers of Egypt, and the bee is in the land of Assyria. They shall come and rest those in the desolate valleys, and in the holes of the rocks, and upon all thro nes and bushes. In that same period, the Lord shall shave with a razor that is hired. The hair on the feet and the head shall also devour the beard†. These verses show the passage of Jesus, as he is the only one who will come and say that the jubilee is here and that he has come to set the people of God free. He comes to set the people of Assyria and Egypt free, and the once who believes in him. He will demonstrate and declare that the kingdom of Yahweh has happened. Jesus manifestation, lifetime, demise, and revival will rescue the people from worst exile than the Babylonian Detention. He will fight for his people, death, enemies of sin, and Satan in hell. This will bring God’s promised favor. He will announce and reveal the gospel and the believers will enter into the kingdom of God, reign, and have everlasting life. Jesus confirmed that he is looking for true confidence in him as the Messiah. In Luke 4, he states to the Jews, â€Å"Truthfully, I state to you, no prescient is tolerable in his town.† He is clearly displaying that even his town neighbors forbidden him†. Consequently, Isaiah 7: 14-15 talks of Jesus, and it alters everything for the modern listener. This is because Jesus recognizes himself as the ordained One, and he instructs the Centre of Israel. This was also clarification of this passage, as all the Law and Prophets will reject him. Therefore, the passage is not mainly about God taking Israel back to the Assured territory after exile. Instead, it is primarily a prediction of God congregating his blessed people, Gentile and, Jew. This is under his decree through Jesus Christ through the authority of the Holy Spirit. In short, Jesus ends the quoting of Luke 4 in the book of Isaiah 61:2b, â€Å"as the time of vengeance of God.† The first arrival of Jesus’ first was not for stating judgment; it was for announcing that the empire had come in his being and effort. Jesus said in John 3:17-18 that, â€Å"For Yahweh did not refer his Son to the earth to critic the world, but to protect the world in order the world be free from judgments.† Jesus came to the world so that he can reconcile, and accomplish it by conveying the favors of God. He accomplished the favors of God through his demise and revival. In the recent times, people still believe that Jesus Christ will come back. There is main difference in the churches today where Christians cannot live the gospel, but live with the gospel that Jesus declared. The church can declare the work of Jesus demonstrates the shape of gospel. This is where the good news is declared and the redemptive reign, and releases the oppressed. This provides emotional and spiritual healing, and consoling those who grieve. Christians live in spiritual way of life in order to accomplish and convey the favors of God. All the Christians want to get the salvation; hence, they live according to the commandment s of God. Christians believe that helping, obedience, talking the truth and worshiping God is the right way to live in the gospel of Christ. Some believers tend to disobey the gospel of Christ because they only hear histories of Christ and they have never seen him. This tends to create differences in their beliefs. In Isaiah 9, 13-16 says, â€Å"the people who will turn unto him, they do not need to seek the lord of host. Therefore, in the same period Yahweh will cut off the branch and rush, the Israel head and tail. The honorable and ancient, he is the king and the forecaster that teach false is the tail. The kings of this people cause then go wrong, and they will all be destroyed.† This shows that there were consequences and hope for the people who repented and those who did not repent as well. He stated that, God’s people are provided with hope and that the exile is not the end of everything. Regardless of the darkness of outcast in Babylon, the will is restoration of light in the promised land of Judah. In the beginning of the book, Isaiah has recognized a servant full of Spirit that will be the Savior of God’s servants in the future of redeeming period. The crucial cultural context of Isaiah is associated to the Day of Jubilee, and the fiftieth time in a series of sabb atical ages. God commanded that after six years, the territory would practice a â€Å"Sabbath† in the seventh year. In seven series of seven years, the land sold in the past 49 years would be reimbursed to the main property owners or their successors. This showed that all the indentured followers were to be permitted to go back to their personal land. When Isaiah brought the notion of the Day of Jubilee, some people proclaimed that the captives would be permitted to leave the prison. The Lord will defend the people who are suffering, and turn their grief into happiness. The assured anointed followers will not just take the Jews back to their territories. He will escort in the last year of Jubilee. This is also the day God’s agreement blessing will everlastingly fall on his followers, while sinners and the sorrowful people will not be remembered. The category of Isaiah as a prophet in the book is simply to ask the people to repent and there is hope for the people on earth. In this specific section, Isaiah shows that the timeline of the past will happen. His aim is to give hope for upcoming generation who are waiting for restoration to the Assured territory. In summary, the passage of messiah converses that; Messiah will welcome the anointed in the Jubilee. This is through the restoration of Yahweh, who will favor his people. This will be in form of rescue, healing, joy, and freedom for the people of God. The Savior will initiate a new era where the sinners will be not be remembered. The lord says that, there will be endless happiness for the people of God. However, even if the leaders do not obey his commands, they will also perish. Isaiah emphasizes this because all this prophesies will occur and Yahweh must be glorified. The main theme of this passage shows that God’s favors are being presented through the recovery of Judah. This shows that this theme repeat sin the writings of Isaiah. He repeatedly reminds people that the faith of restoration is guaranteed to every human, as it is the assured Redeemer. The notion of Isaiah is that, the Savior will appear in the name of Yahweh, oiled with his spirits and bring the people of God from exile. The current listeners may ask whether all this prophesies will happen. Christ is the assured Messiah who conveys Jubilee for the people of God. The ministry of Isaiah foreshadows the coming of Christ who will fulfill the initiation of the people who have acknowledged Christ as their savior. The church continues to preach about the gospel of Jesus Christ. The second coming of Jesus Christ makes Christians a glimpse of what the new world would look like. The coming of Christ also conveys the final recovery and new period where all suffering and sin will be ruined. He also makes believers to have hopes that he is coming again for them. The believers believe that one day they will go to heaven where all their problems and poverty will end. They would have all the happiness and richness without mourns or sadness. The salvation will be full of praises and worships of God. This is the reason why Christians goes on believing and living according to the commands of a god because they will live in joy in heaven. The verses declare the time of the lord’s favor, and day of the lord’s vengeance; to console all the ones who are mourning. It also give comfort to the mourning in Zion; to provide them a crown instead of ashes, the oil of rejoicing instead of crying, a clothing of praise instead of unpleasing spirit; so they will be named as oaks of blamelessness, planted by God, and they may be worshiped. There are relatively minimal exegetical issues that create problem in translating these verses. The verses are ambiguous and not clear for people to understand the main point. The lord has sent Isaiah to heal the broken hearts, to declare liberty to the prisoners and freedom to the captives. The subject of freedom of prisoners will be free if they accept to repent and worship God. It is stated that the blind will open their eyes and see clearly. This shows that the people who will repent their sins, they will be able to avoid the temptation of sins. The scripture of Isaiah has the textual variation. It states that to offer for those who grieve in Zion: to provide them with a crown as an alternative of ashes, the oil of happiness instead of a cloth of praise as an alternative of dull essence. The Almighty plants those who are called oaks of honest. However, the scripture of Isaiah shows that worshiping is something that has a meaning. Adonai brings salvation to his people so that he can show that he is the majesty, splendor, and he is worth to be worshiped. The word anointed is referred to massah in Hebrew. At the same time, the word massah means to smear. However, it is generally mean, â€Å"anoint, sanctify.† In the book of Isaiah, past participle is utilized. In the Old Testament, the word anoint appears almost 80 times, and the word is usually used to show being taken apart for a precise purpose or office. The word Messiah is derived from mÄ Ã… ¡ah, which is referred to â€Å"the anointed.† In English, the word messiah is known as a divine power. It involves the divine and invincibility defense of being equipped and qualified for the responsibilities. The Messiah is the â€Å"I AM† spirit. The word Good News in Hebrew refers to basar, which means, â€Å"to tolerate or distribute cheerful intelligences.† Isaiah recognizes himself as the writer of the vision. He foretold in the period of Jotham, Uzziah, Hezekiah, the king of Judah, and Ahaz. This shows that he was the main prophet in Judah. In his book, he involves his call of visionary ministry, and started after the death of the king if Uzziah. He is mentioned in the book of two King where he adds a bit, of what the readers know about Isaiah as a person. The book of Isaiah is set against the background of the exile, and discourses the people who returned from Babylon. Isaiah conveys a message of criticism, and he wanted the people of Judah to repent. He conveys a message of agreement blessings and restoration in the land.

Frontier Airline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Frontier Airline - Assignment Example Nevertheless, the Airline did not survive the continuous losses it incurred and finally shut towards the end of 1986, and was declared bankrupt (Frontier Airline Annual Report, 2013). In 1994, the Airline was reborn under top management of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) David Siegel and President Barry Biffie. During its first attempt in the market, Frontier Airlines had 60 air planes of which 35 were Boeing 737-200 and the rest were Convair 580. Currently, the Airline operates a fleet of 18 Airbus A320s and 35 Airbus A319s. However, the Airline has a codeshare with Great Lakes Airline that have Embraer EMB -120 Brasilia and Beechcraft 1900 D. Apparently, its first encounter in the market was marked by an inception of 40 destinations that later grew to 69 destinations in two years and before it was shut down it had managed to attain about 170 destinations in the U.S and other parts of the world. After the rebirth, the Airlines has managed to capture over 75 destinations in the U.S., Costa Rica, Mexico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic (Frontier Airline, 2014). Consequently, Frontier Airlines currently enjoys a service of more than 3,900 professional in aviation who attend to more than 350 daily flights in the Airlines. However, the previous operation period has around 5,100 employees who were mandated to attend to both daily and occasional flights. Since its inception, Frontier Airlines has branded itself as a low cost airline. Nevertheless, early this year the C.E.O David Siegel came up with a strategy ‘ultra-low cost’ where their flight fares were stripped down to an average price of an economic ticket and as a marketing campaign that is meant to retrain the public on how the Airline intends to continuously operate especially after its rebirth. During the unveil, Siegel confirmed that

Human Services using technology to overcome barriers Essay

Human Services using technology to overcome barriers - Essay Example Impediments may arise on the planning, funding, empowerment and in the execution of the service and these obstacles differ from a certain kind of human service to another. Obstacles may have different faces on each and every type of human service clientele but the barrier that gives the one of the most substantial effects is the adjustment to the trend in a certain demographic. Say for example, people who were born during the baby boomer period which is between 1946 and 1964 have contributed to a significant increase in the United States population during that time. And ever since the start of the baby boomer period, most companies and businesses have been using the age bracket as a trend to which product or service will benefit the big lot of the population and would also bring to them considerable profits. It goes the same way with human services, the rising number of a particular age group compels human service providers the need to expand and improve their services to be able to accommodate this demographic. If you count the years, the people born during the baby boomer period are now retired professionals or those who are already bidding for retirement. More and more people in the United States are getting older by the minute, meaning that these people are now prone to a rapid loss of cognition and physical handicap. Let’s take a look at the case of sidewalks and transit. In a recent news report, the aging boomers have been causing considerable traffic along sidewalks and local transit that were built for the younger ones. This has been a challenge for most cities in America because their communities are designed for a youth-oriented society. There have been local initiatives for some cities like New York who is now recognized by World Health Organization as a leader in promoting age-friendly communities. Other cities have also followed the footsteps of New York. Philadelphia aims to create a walk-able community which can help older adults to be hea lthier. In Portland, Oregon, there has been planning for new zoning policies to fit senior citizen’s concerns. In this situation we might be asking, how is the US going to cope up in this situation better than relying on mere local initiatives? The answer is sustaining and empowerment. This may be the second barrier identified in this particular type human service. By the year 2050, 20% of the American population will be seniors. And across the globe, roughly 2 billion people will be 60 years old or older and 400 million of them are over the age of 80. The United States should prepare for this situation and should promote an environment that would allow the older people to participate. Another barrier that human services might be facing for a long time is the financial structure of these types of organizations. The eagerness of human service organizations to improve the services they offer may not be equivalent to the actual financial resources they have. To be able to increa se their efficiency and

Bill of Materials and Cost Estimate Sample Essay Example for Free

Bill of Materials and Cost Estimate Sample Essay Total: 201,810 Pesos| B. FOOTINGS, COLUMNS AND BEAMS Item Description| Quantity| Unit| Unit Cost (Pesos)| Total Cost| 1. Albay Sand| 71| m3| 380| 26,980| 2. Coarse Aggregate| 141| m3| 850| 119,850| 3. Portland CementAlbay Sand| very small| m3| | | 20. Portland Cement| 1| pc| 230| 230| 21. Labor Cost (30%)| | | | 42,117| 22. Indirect Cost (10%)| | | | 14,039| Total: 196,542 Pesos| K. ELECTRICAL WORKS Item Description| Quantity| Unit| Unit Cost (Pesos)| Total Cost| 1. Panel Board Main | 1| unit| 3,500| 3,500| 2. 4† Electrical Tape| 3| pcs| 25| 75| 3. Wall Lamp| 16| pcs| 350| 5,600| 4. Triple Switch| 3| pcs| 200| 600| 5. Single Switch| 11| pcs| 150| 1,650| 6. Convenience Outlet| 20| pcs| 150| 3,000| . 20 mm dia. UPVC x 3 m| 10| pcs| 120| 1,200| 8. 25 mm dia. UPVC x 3 m| 3| pcs| 150| 450| 9. 30 mm dia. UPVC x 3 m| 10| pcs| 180| 1,800| 10. 32 mm dia. UPVC x 3 m| 3| pcs| 210| 630| 11. 22 mm2 THHN wire| 1| box| 1,500| 1,500| 12. 3. 5 mm2 THHN wire| 5| box| 1,300| 6,500| 13. 5. 5 mm2 THHN wire| 6| Box| 1,200| 7,200| 14. Labor Cost (30%)| | | | 10,112| 15. Indirect Cost (10%)| | | | 3,371| Total: 47,187 Pesos| L. SUMMATION OF COSTS Item Description| Cost| 1. Site Works | 201,810 Pesos| . Footings, Columns and Beams| 1,469,440 Pesos| 3. Slabs| 458,481 Pesos| 4. 6† CHB Wall| 363,420 Pesos| 5. Ceiling| 301,386 Pesos| 6. Windows| 52,500 Pesos| 7. Doors| 107,100 Pesos| 8. Painting| 248,634 Pesos| 9. Forms and Scaffoldings| 602,778 Pesos| 10. Sanitary Works| 196,542 Pesos| 11. Electrical Works| 47,187 Pesos| 12. 20% Profit| 809,856 Pesos| 13. 10% Legal Expenses| 404,928 Pesos| Total Project Cost: 5,264,062 Pesos Say 5. 27 Million Pesos | The Estimated Cost of the Project: 5,270,000 Pesos

Shakespeare And Catholicism Essay -- essays research papers

By researching the life and writings of William Shakespeare, it can be shown that many Christian values and beliefs are displayed through his literary works. In order to understand the religious content in Shakespeare's work it is helpful to first understand what the religious environment in England was like around Shakespeare's time. England, ever since it was ruled by the Romans, had been a Catholic nation. Before Shakespeare's lifetime, a drastic change occurred that completely upended the existing Catholicism of the English people. During King Henry VIII's reign, the English people were, for the most part, content with Catholicism. Through a series of very complex political maneuvers, Henry eventually seized power of the English church. The benefits of this control were enormous for the state. First of all, Henry obtained his divorce from his first wife. Second, the state received the tithes and taxes from church property, thus making the break very profitable for the state. Finally, with the closing of all of the monasteries, England gained large tracts of land to sell to land owners and tax heavily. The break with the Church of Rome, on the other hand, was not welcomed by the people. Through various laws and ordinances the monarchy effectively closed down the Catholic church in England, but this did not stop the people from being loyal to Catholicism in their hearts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the effects of the break from Rome was the welcoming of an English translation of the Bible. One of the first English translations of the Bible was written by William Tyndale. Known as Cranmer's Bible or the Great Bible, this Bible along with the Geneva Bible would have been the two translations used widely during Shakespeare's lifetime (Milward 85). With the invention of the printing press before this time, the Bible was becoming a household item. Access to Scripture was at it highest point in history to that time. The accessibility of the Bible greatly impacted the work of Shakespeare because he had such a resource at his disposal. Along with these two translations of Scripture already available to Shakespeare came a new translation authorized by King James I. Today this translation is known as the King James Authorized Version (Milward 86). At this point in time, the climate was right for Shakespeare to learn a great deal about Christianity direct... ...gedy with a good ending, making the eventual happiness found better appreciated. In conclusion, Shakespeare's plays ranged from light-hearted comedies to gut-wrenching tragedies. Characters of the highest character as well as the most immoral persons to grace the stage appeared in his works. The scope of Shakespeare's work seemed to cover almost all aspects of life. Through all of these tales, the theme that occurred consistently was the spiritual longing of every individual for love (Knight 69). Shakespeare's plays move from a hope in political salvation to a desire for spiritual salvation, just like the Bible does. All of his plays end with some hope that life will go on and things will get better, just as Christianity hopes for a perfect world to come. His works emphasized the common beliefs of both sects of Christianity as well as some distinctly Catholic ones. This in no way makes Shakespeare a Christian or, more specifically, a Catholic. At its most fundamental point it does mean that Shakespeare had knowledge of the Bible and the Christian religion. The bizarre religious circumstances of Shakespeare's world played a large role in molding his works into what they became. Shakespeare And Catholicism Essay -- essays research papers By researching the life and writings of William Shakespeare, it can be shown that many Christian values and beliefs are displayed through his literary works. In order to understand the religious content in Shakespeare's work it is helpful to first understand what the religious environment in England was like around Shakespeare's time. England, ever since it was ruled by the Romans, had been a Catholic nation. Before Shakespeare's lifetime, a drastic change occurred that completely upended the existing Catholicism of the English people. During King Henry VIII's reign, the English people were, for the most part, content with Catholicism. Through a series of very complex political maneuvers, Henry eventually seized power of the English church. The benefits of this control were enormous for the state. First of all, Henry obtained his divorce from his first wife. Second, the state received the tithes and taxes from church property, thus making the break very profitable for the state. Finally, with the closing of all of the monasteries, England gained large tracts of land to sell to land owners and tax heavily. The break with the Church of Rome, on the other hand, was not welcomed by the people. Through various laws and ordinances the monarchy effectively closed down the Catholic church in England, but this did not stop the people from being loyal to Catholicism in their hearts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the effects of the break from Rome was the welcoming of an English translation of the Bible. One of the first English translations of the Bible was written by William Tyndale. Known as Cranmer's Bible or the Great Bible, this Bible along with the Geneva Bible would have been the two translations used widely during Shakespeare's lifetime (Milward 85). With the invention of the printing press before this time, the Bible was becoming a household item. Access to Scripture was at it highest point in history to that time. The accessibility of the Bible greatly impacted the work of Shakespeare because he had such a resource at his disposal. Along with these two translations of Scripture already available to Shakespeare came a new translation authorized by King James I. Today this translation is known as the King James Authorized Version (Milward 86). At this point in time, the climate was right for Shakespeare to learn a great deal about Christianity direct... ...gedy with a good ending, making the eventual happiness found better appreciated. In conclusion, Shakespeare's plays ranged from light-hearted comedies to gut-wrenching tragedies. Characters of the highest character as well as the most immoral persons to grace the stage appeared in his works. The scope of Shakespeare's work seemed to cover almost all aspects of life. Through all of these tales, the theme that occurred consistently was the spiritual longing of every individual for love (Knight 69). Shakespeare's plays move from a hope in political salvation to a desire for spiritual salvation, just like the Bible does. All of his plays end with some hope that life will go on and things will get better, just as Christianity hopes for a perfect world to come. His works emphasized the common beliefs of both sects of Christianity as well as some distinctly Catholic ones. This in no way makes Shakespeare a Christian or, more specifically, a Catholic. At its most fundamental point it does mean that Shakespeare had knowledge of the Bible and the Christian religion. The bizarre religious circumstances of Shakespeare's world played a large role in molding his works into what they became.

Grace Nichols comes from Guyana and Hugh Boatswain from the Caribbean Essay

Writers who came from over seas write the two poems that I have been asked to analyse. Grace Nichols comes from Guyana and Hugh Boatswain from the Caribbean. The poems deal with identical themes, a man who has immigrated to Britain from the Caribbean, and must learn to adapt to a new life and culture. Both men suffer a sense of loss for their past, but in Hugh Boatswains poem ‘Old Father’, the central character tries to forget about his earlier life. Hugh Boatswain writes the poem ‘Old Father’ in a Caribbean dialect. It is a narrative poem, which tells the story of old father’s arrival in Britain. At first old father is very unhappy, we can see this in the quote. â€Å"Man, a takkin’ ‘de nex’ boat back home.† The writer is trying to show the reader that old father is thinking of taking the next boat back home. At this point in the poem old father still uses Caribbean dialect. I think that the use of the word â€Å"home† tells the reader the old father wants to go home. Later as he forgets about his past and rejects his earlier culture. Old father is trying to ignore his heritage and trying to become English. We can see that old father rejects his earlier culture when he makes jokes about his people to the white people, we can see this in the quote. â€Å"tut tut†, he would say, â€Å"isn’t it disgusting how they make a spectacle of themselves.† The poem is divided into four stanzas. The writer uses alliteration and assonance, to give the poem a rhythmical sound. Assonance is where the vowels sound the same in a line, for example in this quote. â€Å"make him bawl in his small basement room.† Boatswain also uses alliteration when he repeats ‘b’ consonants. We can see alliteration in this quote. â€Å"Bouncing down the road with a blond.† We can also see the writer using personification in the quote. â€Å"Cold bite him hard.† The poem gives a lot of detail about old father’s life and now he changes to adapt to his new life. He changes his appearance by straightening his hair and ignoring his old friends. The writer is quite critical about old father, he sees him as betraying his identity. ‘Island Man’ written by Grace Nichols is an imagist poem. The writer gives images or ‘pictures’ of the man’s dreams rather then telling his story directly to the reader. The poem is written in free verse, without rhythm. However, the writer uses alliteration in the phrases. â€Å"Sun Surfacing† â€Å"heaves himself† Nichols also repeats word, we can see this in the quote. â€Å"groggily groggily† â€Å"muffling muffling† Which describes the man waking up. The repetition helps to emphasise the emotions of the man. The poem is divided into the man’s dreams of the Island and his waking life in London. The writer uses enjambment, which means that each line flows into the next. We can see an example of enjambment in the quote. â€Å"Morning and Island man wakes up† This gives the language in this poem a rhythmical pattern like wave on a beach. The use of colours is very important in this poem. The dream Island is â€Å"blue surf† and â€Å"small emerald Island†. In contrast London is â€Å"grey metallic soar†. By reading and analysing the two poems â€Å"Old Father† and â€Å"Island Man† I have come to a conclusion that I think that the poem â€Å"Old Father† is better in the sense of language and themes. I enjoyed reading the poem â€Å"Old Father† more because the writer has used a large range of language skills. It also shows the use of Caribbean dialect, and the way the writer has structured out the poem.